會士訪談 | 張俐娜院士：綠色化學(xué)的追求者和先驅(qū)
時間：2021-04-13 16:46:02學(xué)院：化學(xué)與分子科學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)校：武漢大學(xué)
高分子化學(xué)家，武漢大學(xué)化學(xué)與分子科學(xué)學(xué)院教授。
46歲作為講師才開始真正的科學(xué)研究；60歲獲得國家自然科學(xué)基金重點項目資助，開始纖維素新溶劑及材料的研究；2011年榮獲安塞姆·佩恩獎，這是國際纖維素與可再生資源材料領(lǐng)域的最高獎。雖現(xiàn)已年逾古稀，她依然堅守在科研第一線。近期，英國皇家化學(xué)會會刊 Chemistry World 對這位綠色化學(xué)的堅守者進(jìn)行了專訪。
該篇專訪發(fā)表在2016年Chemistry World?13卷第十期，文后附英文原文。
“真正的化學(xué)家應(yīng)該致力于探索新的科學(xué)規(guī)律和創(chuàng)造新的化合物?！睆埨日f，“科研挑戰(zhàn)帶給我前所未有的激情和成就感，這激勵著我?guī)资耆缫蝗盏馗旁诳蒲羞@塊沃土上?！闭沁@種孜孜不倦的科研精神帶領(lǐng)著張俐娜攀上了學(xué)術(shù)巔峰。至今，她發(fā)表了530余篇學(xué)術(shù)論文，主編了16本學(xué)術(shù)專著，并獲國內(nèi)外專利100余項。如今，張俐娜已年逾古稀，但她并不滿足于功成身退，這位鍥而不舍的老科學(xué)家對推進(jìn)綠色化學(xué)全球化依然充滿激情。
“我深刻地意識到，人類遲早將耗盡地球上的石油和煤炭資源，我們必須著手開發(fā)可以取而代之的新能源。”從武漢大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，張俐娜被分配到北京鐵道科學(xué)研究院，從事于合成塑料和天然橡膠相關(guān)的研究工作。1973年，張俐娜調(diào)回武漢大學(xué)，她把目光瞄準(zhǔn)在天然高分子材料科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)和應(yīng)用研究上。1984年，張俐娜獲日本學(xué)術(shù)振興會（JSPS）資助，以訪問學(xué)者的身份前往大阪大學(xué)進(jìn)行了將近兩年的學(xué)術(shù)交流。訪日期間，她的研究重心主要為多糖溶液?！霸谌毡镜膶W(xué)習(xí)生活，讓我學(xué)會了如何系統(tǒng)地從事高分子研究，也讓我意識到發(fā)達(dá)國家對研究和發(fā)展新能源的重視程度是如此之高?！睆埨热缡钦f。
?
自1973年回到母校后，張俐娜和丈夫杜予民共同研究開發(fā)甲殼素、纖維素在功能材料上的應(yīng)用。張俐娜注意到，用
CS
2
/NaOH溶液溶解纖維素的傳統(tǒng)方法對環(huán)境已造成嚴(yán)重污染?！霸谏a(chǎn)人造絲和玻璃紙的過程中，國內(nèi)仍大量使用CS
2/NaOH溶液。因此我下定決心，一定要找到一種環(huán)保的新型溶劑來代替有毒的CS
2成分?！?
2000年，張俐娜獲得了國家自然科學(xué)基金重點項目資助，開始了纖維素新溶劑及材料的研究。功夫不負(fù)有心人，經(jīng)過長達(dá)12年的探索，張俐娜所帶領(lǐng)的研究團(tuán)隊終于找到了水體系中低溫快速溶解纖維素的新方法。張俐娜回憶道：“我們的團(tuán)隊付出了數(shù)千個日日夜夜，終于取得了突破性的進(jìn)展。我們研發(fā)了一種低成本、低毒性的NaOH/尿素水溶液體系，在-12°C下這種體系可以快速溶解纖維素，僅需2分鐘即可。用這種方法溶解所得的纖維素溶液進(jìn)行紡絲已進(jìn)入工業(yè)化初步試驗。同時，利用這種水體系溶劑低溫下（-30°C）還成功溶解了比纖維素更頑固的生物質(zhì)大分子--甲殼素。而且，采用水體系低溫溶解的纖維素、甲殼素、殼聚糖溶液已成功制備出一系列新型薄膜、凝膠、微球、氣凝膠和塑料類材料。這些制品兼具安全性、生物相容性和生物可降解性等優(yōu)點，可謂真正的環(huán)境友好型材料?！弊罱瑥埨鹊难芯抗ぷ鬟M(jìn)一步揭示了低溫溶解甲殼素、纖維素的新機理，這些成果對生物醫(yī)藥、能源儲存以及廢水凈化都有著重大意義和應(yīng)用前景。
Lina Zhang et al, Progress in Polymer Science, 2016, 53, 169-206
憑借著在國際纖維素與可再生資源材料領(lǐng)域出色的科研工作，張俐娜于2011年榮膺美國化學(xué)會安塞姆?佩恩獎，是國內(nèi)唯一獲此殊榮的科學(xué)家。她的科研成果不僅在國際上取得了廣泛認(rèn)可，更是吸引了一批優(yōu)秀的科研人員加入她的團(tuán)隊——目前擁有來自中法兩國的50位博士研究生和3位博士后。
在科研上取得了豐碩成果的張俐娜并沒有停止前進(jìn)的腳步，她把目光轉(zhuǎn)移到了海洋。張俐娜說：“海洋生物占據(jù)了地球上生物總量的80%，相比于陸地上的生物，它們的生命力和生物功能都明顯更勝一籌。目前為止，人類對海洋生物的關(guān)注度和研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠?！睆埨鹊哪繕?biāo)是開發(fā)出一種永不枯竭的新型環(huán)保材料。而當(dāng)它們廢棄后，這種材料可以在土壤中溫度達(dá)到 25°C以上時降解，從而減少由塑料造成的“白色污染”。
?
在展望未來時，張俐娜很高興看到近年國內(nèi)外的科學(xué)研究都取得了巨大進(jìn)步?！芭c我求學(xué)時相比，如今的科學(xué)教育越來越重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識和動手能力?！睆埨日f，“我們當(dāng)時僅僅學(xué)習(xí)一些基礎(chǔ)知識，重復(fù)以往的科學(xué)研究。如今，中國的科學(xué)教育和科學(xué)研究都已經(jīng)取得了驚人的進(jìn)步。”
張俐娜堅信，科學(xué)和科技的發(fā)展一定能幫助人類實現(xiàn)資源的可持續(xù)性?！扒嗄昕茖W(xué)家們掌握了最前沿的科學(xué)技術(shù)，擁有著豐富的專業(yè)知識，他們充滿活力?！睆埨日f，“作為新的主力軍，他們的未來充滿無限希望和可能。但有一點，科研是沒有捷徑可循的，只有那些勇于面對挑戰(zhàn)，并且一路披荊斬棘的人，才能收獲非凡的學(xué)術(shù)成就。對于青年科研人員，我希望鼓勵他們抱著好奇心去熱愛科學(xué)，并且樂于奉獻(xiàn)，這樣才能實現(xiàn)重大的創(chuàng)新突破?！?
Renewable enthusiasm
Lina Zhang reflects on five decades as part of China’s green chemistry vanguard
‘I believe a chemist should be one who discovers new patterns and creates new compounds,’ Lina Zhang states, setting out her viewpoint on science. ‘The thrill of the challenge and its fulfilment drives me to work night and day on my projects.’
It’s this work ethic that has taken Zhang to the pinnacle of China’s scientific community. Since graduating from Wuhan University in 1963, she has published 530 papers, authored 16 books, and been granted nearly 100 domestic and international patents. But Zhang has no intention of resting on her laurels – her energies are still fully directed at making a global impact in green chemistry.
‘I came to the deep realisation that our oil and coal resources will someday be depleted and that we must start to utilise renewable resources to replace them,’ Zhang explains. Initially working at the Railroad Academy of Science in Beijing focused on synthetic plastics and natural rubber, she returned to Wuhan to study natural polymers. This led her to take a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science scholarship at Osaka University for two years in 1984, where she studied polysaccharide solutions. ‘That taught me how to systematically perform research on macromolecular fundamentals, as well as realise just how much developed countries valued the research and development of renewable resources.’
Returning to Wuhan University, Zhang – along with husband Yumin Du – focused on expanding the use of chitin and cellulose as functional materials. Noting the environmental impact of treating cellulose with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide, Zhang set to work. ’The use of cellulose-CS
2/NaOH solution in the manufacturing of rayon fibres and transparent cellophanes in China is still widespread and increasing … I made up my mind to search for a new, environmentally friendly solvent to replace the toxic CS
2?component.’
In 2000, sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of China, Zhang’s team found an alternative. ‘Our team worked night and day,’ Zhang recalls. ‘Eventually we had a breakthrough and found a low-cost, less toxic NaOH/urea aqueous solution that could quickly dissolve cellulose at -12°C within two minutes. Out of that solution regenerated cellulose fibres are spun in pilot production and a series of new films, gels, microspheres, aerogels and plastic-like materials have been formed. These new products are safe, biocompatible, biodegradable and can truly be classified as eco-friendly.’ Recently, her has discovered cellulose and chitin materials that can dissolve at low temperatures, which could prove useful for biomedical science, energy storage and wastewater purification.
Zhang’s work saw her become the first Chinese scientist to win the American Chemical Society’s Anselme Payen award in 2011, leading to international recognition and expansion of her team, which now includes 50 doctoral graduate students and three postdoctoral fellows from China and France.
Still, Zhang is not finished, and has turned her attention to the ocean. ‘The oceans’ inhabitants comprise 80% of living species on Earth,’ she explains. ‘Marine life has higher bioactivity and more functions compared with organisms on land, but are less explored and investigated.’ Zhang’s aim is to create renewable resources that will never be exhausted, are environmentally friendly and can biodegrade at above 25°C in soil – avoiding the ‘white pollution’ caused by plastics.
Yet while Zhang’s work is focused on the future, she is also delighted by the progress the scientific community has made during her career, both in China and globally. ‘Science education has begun emphasising more on cultivating an innovative consciousness and the hands-on abilities of students compared with when I was in school,’ she says. ‘I was only learning the background knowledge and following the tracks of previous scientific research. Nowadays, China’s science education and science research have made big jumps in progress.’
This next generation fills Zhang with hope that science can solve the problems of moving to renewable resources. ‘Young scientists have mastered the latest scientific techniques, have access to the best technical knowledge and are full of energy,’ she says. ‘They are a new force, with plenty of potential. But there are no shortcuts in scientific studies – only those who brave great ordeals and endure heavy toils can make major breakthroughs. My advice to young scientists is to love science and be prepared to sacrifice in order to make the next big innovative contribution.’
版權(quán)與免責(zé)聲明：本網(wǎng)頁的內(nèi)容由收集互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上公開發(fā)布的信息整理獲得。目的在于傳遞信息及分享，并不意味著贊同其觀點或證實其真實性，也不構(gòu)成其他建議。僅提供交流平臺，不為其版權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)。如涉及侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系我們及時修改或刪除。郵箱：sales@allpeptide.com
